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在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達(dá)方式不同，就不能用"一個蘿卜一個坑"的方法來逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)換和結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順自然。

一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

▶轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞

1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

分析:interest在原文中是名詞，而在譯文中為了符合中文的表達(dá)方式，在不改變意思的前提下，將它改成動詞。

參考譯文: 人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法，主要是因為史學(xué)家們內(nèi)部分歧過大，其次才是因為外界并不認(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)科。（1999年真題）

經(jīng)典例題: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven_and_a_half times around the earth per second.

參考譯文: 只要一點鼠標(biāo)，來自世界另一端的信息便會以每秒繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。

2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

參考譯文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易）所造成的種種問題也會增加社會壓力。（2000年真題）

經(jīng)典例題: Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

參考譯文: 醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

Success is dependent on his effort.

參考譯文 成功與否取決于他的努力。

3.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: She opened the window to let fresh air in.

參考譯文: 她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。

4.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

經(jīng)典例題: Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.

參考譯文: 許多實驗室正在研制治療艾滋病的藥物。

經(jīng)典例題: "Coming!"Away she skimmed over the lawn，up the path，up the steps，across the veranda，and into the porch.

參考譯文: "來了!"她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進(jìn)了門廊。

▶轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

1.動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: The university aims at the first rate of the world.

參考譯文學(xué)校的目標(biāo)是世界一流。

經(jīng)典例題: The net and electronic commerce will foster a large number of free_fancers，and this will affect social structure in a big way.

參考譯文: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電子商業(yè)將會造就一大批自由職業(yè)者，從而將對社會結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

經(jīng)典例題: Numerous abstentions marked the French elections.

參考譯文: 這次法國選舉的特點是棄權(quán)的人多。

2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

參考譯文: 他們盡了最大努力幫助病號和傷號。

經(jīng)典例題: The different production cost is closely associated with the sources of power.

參考譯文: 生產(chǎn)成本的差異與能源密切相關(guān)。

3.代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: According to a growing body of evidence，the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids，ending up in your body.

分析: your body直譯是"你的身體"，而細(xì)讀原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其實your body是泛指人體。作者為了引起與讀者的共鳴，用了與讀者更息息相關(guān)的your。在翻譯時，應(yīng)將此代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞，體現(xiàn)其真實含義。

參考譯文 越來越多的證據(jù)表明，許多塑料制品的化學(xué)成分會移動到食物或流體上去，最終進(jìn)入人體內(nèi)。

經(jīng)典例題: Though we can't see it，there is air all around us.參考譯文雖然我們看不見空氣，可我們周圍到處都有空氣。

4.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

經(jīng)典例題: The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure1.

參考譯文 圖一所示是這種新型機(jī)器的簡圖。

經(jīng)典例題: Internally the earth consists of two parts，a core and a mantle.參考譯文地球的內(nèi)部由兩部分組成:地核和地幔。

▶轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

1.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

經(jīng)典例題: The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design.

參考譯文: 工程師為這次設(shè)計做了十分周密的準(zhǔn)備。

經(jīng)典例題: When tables and other materials are included，they should be conveniently placed，so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.

參考譯文: 當(dāng)書中列有表格或其他參考資料時，應(yīng)當(dāng)將這些內(nèi)容編排在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫�以便使學(xué)生在查閱時，不必翻太多的書頁。

2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

經(jīng)典例題: Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers.

參考譯文: 絕大部分青少年在學(xué)習(xí)和操作電腦方面并不覺得困難。

經(jīng)典例題: The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability，reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.

參考譯文: 該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維護(hù)方便，因而受到用戶的歡迎。

▶轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞

經(jīng)典例題: The wide application of electronic machines in scientific work，in designing and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations.

參考譯文: 在科學(xué)研究、設(shè)計和經(jīng)濟(jì)計算方面廣泛地應(yīng)用電子計算機(jī)可以使人們從繁重的計算勞動中解放出來。

經(jīng)典例題: By dialing the right number，you may be able to select a play，golf lesson or lecture in physics，from a pre-taped library in a remote city，for showing on your home screen.

參考譯文 只要撥對了號碼，你就可以在家里電視機(jī)上選看到由遠(yuǎn)方城市一座圖書館發(fā)出的預(yù)先錄制的一出戲，一堂打高爾夫球的講課，或者一次物理學(xué)講演。

二、結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換

結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換著眼于句子成分的相互轉(zhuǎn)換和基本句型的改變。句子成分的相互轉(zhuǎn)換主要在主語與賓語，補(bǔ)語與表語，主語與定語，定語與狀語，狀語與主語之間進(jìn)行。

▶句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換

1.非主語譯成主語

經(jīng)典例題: Since the invention of the transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in1984，it has found its way into varied applications in the commercial，industrial and military fields.

參考譯文: 自從1984年貝爾電話研究所發(fā)明晶體管以來，晶體管的種種應(yīng)用已遍及商業(yè)、工業(yè)和軍事各個領(lǐng)域。（狀語譯成主語）

經(jīng)典例題: Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

參考譯文: 電視和無線電的不同點在于電視能收發(fā)圖像。（表語譯成主語）

經(jīng)典例題: Matter is usually electrically neutral，that is，it has as many protons，as electrons.

參考譯文: 物質(zhì)通常是不帶電的，就是說，它的質(zhì)子和電子數(shù)量是相等的。（賓語譯成主語）

2.非謂語譯成謂語

經(jīng)典例題: There is a need for improvement in your study habits.

參考譯文: 你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣需要改進(jìn)。（主語譯成謂語）

3.非賓語譯成賓語

經(jīng)典例題: He is admired by everybody.

參考譯文: 大家都很欽佩他。（主語譯成賓語）

經(jīng)典例題: Materials to be used for structural purpose are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental condition.

參考譯文: 用于結(jié)構(gòu)上的材料必須選擇得使它們在周圍環(huán)境條件下具有彈性。（狀語譯成賓語）

4.非狀語譯成狀語

經(jīng)典例題: He drew a deep breath.

參考譯文: 他深深地吸了一口氣。（定語譯成狀語）

經(jīng)典例題: Pictures show him in the company of men like Churchill，Einstein and Gandhi.

參考譯文: 在這些照片中我們可以看到他和邱吉爾、愛因斯坦、甘地這些人的交往。（主語譯成狀語）

▶基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)化

1.簡單句轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)合句

經(jīng)典例題: At the slightest improvement in my work they would show warm approval.

參考譯文 我工作稍有進(jìn)步，他們就熱情肯定。

2.復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換成簡單句

經(jīng)典例題: This causes the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

參考譯文: 這樣就蓋起了許多人聚居的高樓大廈。