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Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.

A. consolidate the town city ties in Britain

B. promote cooperation among Brain's towns

C. increase the economic strength of Brain's towns

D. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.

22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..

A.a sensible compromise

B.a self-deceiving attempt

C.an eye-catching bonus

D.an inaccessible target

23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______

A. endeavor to maintain its image

B. meets the aspiration of its people

C. brings its local arts to prominence

D. commits to its long-term growth

24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______

A. a contrasting case

B. a supporting example

C. a background story

D. a related topic

25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?

A. Skeptical B. Objective C. Favorable D. Critical

21 C increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns

這道題是細節題。題干問庫珀和她的同事們認為“文化之城”這一獎項可能會怎樣可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫爾之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它為赫爾帶來了2.2億歐元的投資和大量藝術作品。英國的城鎮，確實沒有被阻止申請，但他們通常缺乏資源來湊齊一點來擊敗他們更大的競爭對手。有人認為，“文化之城”獎可以成為一項年度活動，吸引資金并創造就業機會。所以能看出答案是C. 增強英國城鎮的經濟實力。

22 B a self-deceiving attempt

該題是推斷題, 題干問:根據第二段，這一提議或許會被一些人認為是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能會把這個提議看作是一個噓聲，因為英國已經不能再申請更有聲望的歐洲文化之都的稱號了……” 能看出來有些人是持反面態度的。很多人不認識boo，但是也能從后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在絕望地為英國退歐后的世界重塑形象之際，英國即將消失在一場無休止的自我慶祝熱潮之中. 接下來幾個反問句，能看出來是一種自我欺騙的嘗試，所以選擇B。

23 D commits to its long-term growth

該題也是細節題, 題干問:作者認為這個頭銜的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，這些頭銜真正成功的持有者，是那些除了為酒店帶來收入、帶來引人注目的藝術活動和一年的良好報道之外，還做了很多事情的人。它們轉變了當地居民的愿望;他們將城市的自我形象推向更大膽、更樂觀的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于鄉村的長期發展中，這個頭銜就會是成功的。

24 A. a contrasting case

這題是寫作目的題， 題干說：第3段提到格拉斯哥是為了展現什么。可以定位到第三段倒數第一句。可以看到前面有明顯的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反。“這個問題很難解決，需要高度的遠見卓識，也需要城市當局、私營部門、社區團體和文化組織之間的合作。但這是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作為歐洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列復雜的因素之一，這些因素把這座城市變成了藝術、音樂和戲劇的力量，直到今天。”

25 D favourable

這題是作者態度題，問作者對于這個建議的態度。第一段是提出該建議。第二段是一些人認為這個建議有點吹噓。而只有最后一段能看出作者對此建議的態度，“一個“文化之城”不僅僅是藝術之城，而且要尊重一個城市的特色——幫助維持它的商業街，支持當地的設施，最重要的是贊美它的人民，并將其轉化為行動。”所以能看出是積極贊成的態度。

Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish

their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B] gone through an existential crisis.

[C] revived the publishing industry.

[D] financed researchers generously.

28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

[A] Relieved.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Concerned

[D] Encouraged.

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________

[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

[D] free universities from financial burdens.

30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

[A] Trial subscription is offered.

[B] Labour triumphs over status.

[C] Costs are well controlled.

D] The few feed on the many.

26, 細節題 D its content acquisition cost nothing

根據題干中關鍵詞a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科學家也免費進行同行評議的專門工作，因為它是獲得地位和生產科學知識的核心要素。正確選項D，acquisition原詞， for free替換選項中的，cost nothing.

27, 細節題 A thrived mainly on universities libraries

根據題干關鍵詞Elsevier定位到第三段第一句話，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,該公司去年利潤超過4.9億英鎊 然而僅英國大學在2016年就花費了超過2.1億英鎊。正確選項A 主要依靠大學圖書館 為定位句的同意表達

28態度題 B concerned

根據題干中關鍵詞Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants這表明法律生態系統在其用戶中已經失去了合法性，必須進行改造，以便為所有參與者服務. 可見作者對于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定態度，正確選項B concerned擔憂，擔心。A relieved寬慰的，C puzzled困惑的屬錯誤選項， D encouraged鼓勵的，正反混淆

29推斷題 A allow publishers some room to make money

根據題干關鍵詞open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取費用是未來出版商能夠獲利，A選項為同義替換。B render publishing much easier for scientists使發表對科學家來說容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大學擺脫財政負擔

30 細節題 D the few feed on the many

根據題干關鍵詞scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.勞動力被免費提供，以換取地位的希望，而一些經營市場的大公司則獲得了巨額利潤。 可知少部分作者免費勞動，大部分公司盈利，A選項為同義替換

Text 3

Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.

A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.

Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.

The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".

But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?

The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.

Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.

Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.

31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________

[A] help little to reduce gender bias.

[B] pose a threat to the state government.

[C] raise women's position in politics.

[D] greatly broaden career options.

32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?

[A] It has irritated private business owners.

[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,

[C] It may go against the Constitution.

[D] It will settle the prior controversies.

33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____

[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.

[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.

[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.

[D] the needlessness of government interventions.

34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____

[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.

[B] the objection to female participation on boards.

[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

[D] the growing tension between labor and management.

35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.

[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

31 態度題 A help little to reduce gender bias

縱觀全文，文章一直在論述該法案，在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，下次有人把企業配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助，由此可見作者對此法案采取否定態度，A help little to reduce gender bias對減少性別偏見沒什么幫助為同義替換的正確選項

32 細節題 C it may go against the constitution

根據題干中的關鍵詞 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 違反憲法，選項C against替換violate為正確選項

33. 例證題 D the needlessness of government interventions

根據題干中catalyst替換到第7段，論點為上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在沒有政府的情況下，公司董事會中的婦女人數一直在穩步增加。可見D選項中the needlessness of government interventions政府干預的不必要性

34 細節題 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

根據Norway定位到倒數第三段第一句，要求將性別作為董事會成員的主要資格，必然會導致私營部門董事會減少。緊接著下文董事會成員的機會越來越多，卻沒有合格的女性來擔任董事會成員， 由此可見會有不合格的人進入董事會，正確選項C 不合格候選人進入董事會

35 推斷 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企業配額作為促進性別平等的一種方式。請記住，這些基本上都是自私自利的措施，讓他們的贊助商感覺良好，但其實并沒有什么幫助。由此可知該政策并不可取，正確選項B可行性應是決策的首要考慮因素

Text 4

Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax

on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.

The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.

These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.

In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.

France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____

[A] regulate digital services platforms.

[B] protect French companies' interests .

[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.

[D] curb the influence of advertising.

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____

[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.

[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.

[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.

[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.

38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____

[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.

[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.

[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.

[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.

39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____

[A] is being resisted by US companies.

[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.

[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.

[D] needs to in involve more countries.

40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?

[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax

[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals

[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

36. 【C】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 細節題。根據題干直接定位到第一段第一句話 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;選項C中的“levy”和“tax”同義復現;“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同義復現。因此C為正確答案，奇遇選項均未體現。

37.【A】may trigger countermeasures against France 推斷題。根據提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句話but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France(這已經引起了巨大的反抗，…, 反過來也會導致針對法國的貿易制裁)和選項A相一致;其中選項中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同義復現，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同義復現。其余選項均未體現。

38.【B】the current international tax system needs upgrading 細節題。根據題干定位到第四段最后一句話 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他們都認為國際稅收體系并未跟上當前經濟形勢)。選項B目前的國際稅收體系需要升級是該句話的反義復現。其余選項均為體現。

39.【C】is faced with uncertain prospects 細節題。根據提干定位到第五段最后一句話”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system(對于國際稅收體系的未來充滿疑慮)”和選項C相一致。其中選項中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同義復現，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同義復現。

40【B】France leads the charge on digital tax 主旨題。題干中的title為標題題的信息，所以此題考查的是文章的主旨大意。B 選項里的 tax是貫穿全文的主旨詞;而文章以法國對數字服務征稅為起點，全文描寫了包括法國在內的其它國家對全球稅收系統的擔憂，因此選項B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余選項均選項未能體現文章關鍵詞和全文主旨。

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] Eye fixactions are brief

[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude

[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact

[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated

[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers

[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:

41. ________________

We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.

42.________

Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

43.________

With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.

44.________

When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.

45.________

In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.

41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

解析：本段第三句說了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也說：眼神接觸和微笑能signal availability and confidence發送可用性和自信的信號。都說明眼神接觸是個友善的社交信號。 因此選C。

42.答案：E

解析：本段第一句就出現了hormone 荷爾蒙，此外，本段中出現的oxytocin催產素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自閉癥譜系癥狀等詞都說明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中還有explore探索，brain scanning 腦部掃描。所以選E

43. 答案：G

解析：本段第一句就說了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接觸根據不同情況會發出不同的訊息。下一句主干說在不利環境中，會與dominance支配or intimidation恫嚇有關聯。因此G為正確答案。

44.答案：A

解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地說到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分說明很快，所以選A。

45. 答案：D

解析：第一句話中就有personality。在引用中轉折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人們腦部反應不同，最后一句話更加明確說到高負能量的人更覺得被人直視令人不舒服。因此選D。