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2008年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英漢同聲傳譯專業(yè)試卷

一、將下列段落譯為漢語(yǔ)(25分)

Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words)

二、將下列短文譯為漢語(yǔ)(50分)

Inflation: China’s least wanted export

When inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease ? nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing.

Cooking oil is a special case ? its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries ? but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well.

Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October ? many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent ? and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.

That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “China price”, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet ? but it will. China’s currency has also been gently appreciating, but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.

The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low.

There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words)

三、將下列段落譯為英語(yǔ)(25分)

科學(xué)發(fā)展觀是協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展觀。唯物辯證法認(rèn)為，世界是普遍聯(lián)系的，任何事物的發(fā)展必然與其他事物相互聯(lián)系、相互制約，只有協(xié)調(diào)好各方面關(guān)系，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)健康發(fā)展;否則，只能是畸形的發(fā)展。要實(shí)現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展，就必須立足新的歷史起點(diǎn)，處理好由發(fā)展的階段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新問(wèn)題，因此，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展是實(shí)現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展的正確道路和政策途徑。協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，是指各個(gè)方面的發(fā)展要相互適應(yīng)，就是要統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌區(qū)域發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌人與自然和諧發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)展和對(duì)外開放，促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)、各個(gè)方面相協(xié)調(diào)，促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力、上層建筑與經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)相協(xié)調(diào)。(268字)

四、將下列短文譯為英語(yǔ)(50分)

無(wú)論如何，創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的物質(zhì)資源，不論其初始分配如何，最終是要通過(guò)各種各樣的渠道，流入到具有企業(yè)家精神的人手里，這是自由市場(chǎng)的一個(gè)基本趨勢(shì)。這些人獲得對(duì)他人的財(cái)富的支配權(quán)、使用權(quán)，以之為自己創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，并積累財(cái)富。這正是自由市場(chǎng)具有效率的根源。它可以動(dòng)態(tài)地、自發(fā)地把資源從資源利用效率較低的人手里轉(zhuǎn)移到資源利用效率較高的人手里。

中國(guó)人講“富不過(guò)三代”，其中有一些無(wú)奈，但也揭示了自由市場(chǎng)的精髓所在：財(cái)富本身并不能充當(dāng)財(cái)富的保障。因?yàn)椋��?cái)富本來(lái)就不是財(cái)富創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的。所以，由于企業(yè)家精神積累了財(cái)富的人的后代，未必總是能夠最有效地利用他們手里所掌握的資源。如果是在身份制社會(huì)，這就將損害全社會(huì)的資源利用效率。而自由市場(chǎng)向這些家庭提供了足夠的制度安排，使之自然地將其掌握資源交給富有企業(yè)家精神的人控制。假如他們不愿意這樣做，那市場(chǎng)就會(huì)無(wú)情地淘汰他們，以破產(chǎn)倒閉的方式使其交出對(duì)資源的控制權(quán)。市場(chǎng)總是頑固地要把資源轉(zhuǎn)移到能力最高的企業(yè)家手里。權(quán)力控制經(jīng)濟(jì)的社會(huì)、身份制社會(huì)、國(guó)有企業(yè)制度，都無(wú)法做到這一點(diǎn)，因而其經(jīng)濟(jì)整體效率必然要比市場(chǎng)配置資源的社會(huì)低很多。

所以，假如人們期望市場(chǎng)發(fā)揮其高效配置資源的功能，那就根本沒(méi)有必要去操心成功的企業(yè)家退休之時(shí)如何安排企業(yè)的未來(lái)。反正財(cái)富、資源是要向具有 企業(yè)家精神的人手里集中的，只要市場(chǎng)是自由的，這種趨勢(shì)無(wú)人能夠改變。那么，對(duì)社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的事情是設(shè)計(jì)種種健全的制度，讓那些不具有企業(yè)家精神的人 可以方便地將其資源控制交給富有企業(yè)家精神的人，而企業(yè)家只要可以充分發(fā)揮其企業(yè)家精神、其財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)得到切實(shí)保障，自然可以發(fā)現(xiàn)、創(chuàng)造出這些制度來(lái)。(680字)