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長春理工大學外國語言文學專業研究生入學考試大綱

英語方向考試大綱

821語言學與英美概況或822語言學與英美文學考試大綱

第一部分：英語語言學

一、考試目的：

考察學生英語語言學的基本理論知識和對英語及其它語言中一些語言現象的分析能力。

二、考試要求：

1. 熟悉語言學的基本概念和基本理論;

2. 具備運用相關理論分析語言現象的基本能力;

三、考試題型與考試內容:

本考試采取客觀試題與主觀試題相結合的方法，包括填空、單選、名詞解釋、分析題、簡答題

考試內容：(供參考)

1. Introduction

Definition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing; functions of language(s).

2. Phonetics and Phonology

Definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features.

3. Morphology

Definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of word-formation.

4. Syntax

Word classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled tree diagrams.

5. Semantics

Definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis; predication analysis.

6. Pragmatics

Definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.

7. Socio-linguistics / Language and Society

Speech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect; register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.

8. Language and Culture

Relationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.

9. Historical Linguistics

The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family

10. First and Second Language Acquisition

Language learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis, error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner factors

四、參考書目:

1.《新編簡明英語語言學教程》(第二版)，戴煒棟，上海：上海外語教育出版社。

第二部分：“英美概況”

一、考試目的：

考察學生的綜合人文素質及語言使用情況。

二、 考試要求：

要求考生掌握英美國家的基本概況，包括地理、歷史、社會、政治經濟、文化傳統及語言的使用等諸方面的情況。

三、考試題型和考試內容

1.填空題：本題一般針對英美國家概況中的知識點，主要考察考生對英美國家的社會、歷史、政治、經濟、文化等方面的常識的把握情況。

2.名詞解釋：本題考察考生對英美國家概況中的重要歷史事件、重要運動、重要概念等方面的準確把握。

3.簡答題：要求考生對英美國家的政治制度、歷史發展或者社會變革等方面的重要問題進行闡述。

考試內容(供參考)

Britain

Section One The Country and the People

Full name and four countries of Britain.

Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone

The highest point: Ben Nevis

The Backbone of England: The Pennines

Climate and Weather

Mild and changeable

Factors influencing climate and weather

Inland Water

Thames River

Lake District

People and languages:

the native Celts, Celtic language

Anglo-Saxons, English.

The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English, Modern English)

Religion

The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament

Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)

Section Two The British Government

Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.

The Monarch

2.1 Function of the monarch

2.2 Significance of the monarch

2.3 Royal palaces

Parliament: legislative branch

The structure of the Parliament

The House of Lords and noble titles

The House of Commons

3.2 The function of the Parliament

4. The government: executive branch

4.1 Parliamentary government

4.2 Three-tier system of the British government

Section Three Politics and Law

1. Two-party system

1.1 Conservative party

1.2 Labor party

2. Elections: parliamentary election

3. Elements of the British law

4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitors

Section Four National economy and Cities

1. Economic system and structure

2. British Disease and Thatcher’s prescription

3. Main industries in Britain

4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Section Five cultural and Social Life

Class structure: upper, middle and working class

Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper

Education:

Compulsory education

Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools and comprehensive secondary schools

GCSE and A Level

Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University

Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)

NHS

Social security program

Personal social service

History

1. Origin of the English Nation

The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language

The Roman invasion

The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy

The Norman Conquest (1066)

2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament

2.1 Henry II’s Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice

2.2 King John and the Great Charter

2.3 Beginning of Parliament

3. Decline of Feudalism in England

3.1 The Hundred Years’ War.

3.2 The Black Death

3.3 The peasant uprising

3.4 The Wars of the Roses

4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie

4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church

4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I

4.3 Renaissance

5.Bourgeois Revolution

5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey

5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament

5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector

5.4 Glorious Revolution in 1688

6. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement

6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution:

6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution

6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution

6.4 The Chartist Movement

6.5 Victoria Age

7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

7.1 Foreign expansion

7.2 British empire

7.3 British Commonwealth

America

Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions

Names and position

Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies

Rivers and lakes

Mississippi River

Rio Grande River

Potomac River

The Great Lakes

Section Two American People

1. The composition of the population

2. The Indians

3. Immigration into America

4. Melting pot & Mosaic

Section Three Government and Politics

1. Three government principles

2. Separation of power

The legislative branch

Main functions of Congress

The Senate

The House of Representatives

2.2. The executive branch

Powers of the U.S. president

General election: the winner-gets-all policy

2.3. The judicial branch

3. comment on check and balance system

Section Four National Economy

Factors contributing to the development of American industries

Economic system

Types of businesses

Main industries

Section Five Culture and Holidays

1. Traditional American values and beliefs

2. Holidays and Festivals

3. American education

4. Social welfare

History

Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies

1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus

Founding of colonies

three kinds of colonies

Jamestown in 1607

Plymouth in 1620

Mayflower Compact

Section Two The War of Independence

1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War

2. The First Continental Congress

3. The Second Continental Congress

4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of Independence

Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration

The Constitutional Convention

The American Constitution

The Bill of Rights

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century----an Era of Expansion

1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson

2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England

3.Causes and effects of the Mexican War

Section Five The Civil War

1. Conflicts arising from the slavery

Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation

Effects of the Civil War

Section Six The United States After the Civil War

Situation after the Civil War

Monopoly businesses

Social Reforms

The war with Spain

Section Seven America During and After World War I

America’s entry into the First World War

New Culture

The Lost Generation

The Great Depression

New Deal

Section Eight America During and After World War II

America’s entry into the War

Cold War

Beat Generation

Vietnam War

War against terrorism

四、參考書目：

《新編英美概況》， 來安方，鄭州：河南人民出版社。

第二部分 英美文學

一、考試目的：

考察學生英美文學基本理論、知識的掌握和對英美文學作品的分析能力。

二、考試要求：

1.掌握英美文學基本知識，包括英美文學流派、思潮、作家作品等。

2.具備根據所學的英美文學基本理論知識對特定選文的寫作風格、思想內容等 進行初步分析的能力。

三、考試題型和考試內容：

考試題型：客觀試題與主觀試題相結合，包括術語概念解釋、填空、選擇、簡答問題、專題評論、實例分析等。

考試內容：(供參考)

英美文學考試內容包括英國文學和美國文學兩部分：

1.英國文學部分：

(1)早期和中古時期英國文學：了解古英語時期、盎格魯-薩克遜時期和諾曼底侵略后的英國文學產生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時期文學創作的基本特征，掌握該時期重要的文學作品及喬叟的創作思想、藝術特色和代表作品。

(2)文藝復興時期英國文學：了解文藝復興運動和人文主義思潮及其產生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時期文學創作的基本特征和基本主張，掌握該時期重要作家莎士比亞、培根、馬洛、斯賓塞等的文學生涯、創作思想、藝術特色及代表作品。

(3)十七世紀英國文學：了解保皇派作家、玄學派和清教徒作家的歷史背景、基本主張，掌握該時期重要作家彌爾頓、班揚、約翰•鄧恩等的創作生涯、藝術特色及代表作品。

(4)啟蒙運動時期英國文學：了解啟蒙運動、現實主義小說、感傷主義和新古典主義文學流派及其產生的歷史背景、主要特征和基本主張，掌握該時期重要作家斯威夫特、笛福、蒲柏、菲爾丁等的創作生涯、藝術特色及代表作品。

(5)浪漫主義時期英國文學：了解浪漫主義文學產生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時期文學創作的基本特征和基本主張，掌握該時期重要詩人彭斯、布菜克、華滋華斯、科勒律治、拜倫、雪菜、濟慈等的詩歌創作思想、藝術風格及代表詩作，小說家斯各特、奧斯汀等的寫作特點，藝術特色及代表作品。

(6)維多利亞時期英國文學：了解19世紀英國的政治、經濟、歷史、文化背景，理解19世紀批判現實主義小說在思想上的進步和創作技巧上的改革，掌握該時代主要作家狄更斯、薩克雷、勃朗特姐妹等的藝術特色、創作思想及代表作品。

(7)二十世紀英國文學：了解20世紀英國的政治、經濟、歷史、文化背景及其對現代主義文學作品的影響，理解現代主義文學的特色，掌握該時期主要代表作家哈代、蕭伯納、高爾斯華綏、勞倫斯、喬伊斯、伍爾夫等的藝術特色、創作思想及代表作品。

2.美國文學部分：

(1)殖民時期美國文學：了解美國殖民時期文學產生的歷史、文化背景，理解該時期文學創作的基本特征，掌握該時期代表作家安妮•布拉德斯特里特、愛德華•泰勒、托馬斯•潘恩、本杰明•富蘭克林、喬納森•愛德華茲等的創作思想、寫作風格及代表作品。

(2)浪漫主義時期美國文學：了解美國浪漫主義時期文學產生的歷史、文化背景，理解美國浪漫主義的定義、特點及其與英國、歐洲浪漫主義運動的異同，掌握該時期主要作家歐文、愛默生、霍桑、惠特曼、梅爾維爾等的文學創作生涯、創作思想、藝術特色及代表作品。

(3)現實主義時期美國文學：了解美國現實主義文學產生的社會和文化背景，理解地方特色主義和美國自然主義的特點，掌握該時期重要作家馬克•吐溫、亨利•詹姆斯、杰克•倫敦、西奧多•德萊塞等的文學生涯、創作思想、藝術特色及其代表作品。

(4)20世紀20年代美國文學：了解20世紀20年代美國的歷史背景和社會思潮，掌握意象主義及以龐德為代表的意象派詩人的創作思想和詩歌特點，掌握“迷惘的一代”時期特點，以及代表作家菲茨杰拉德、海明威、艾略特等的創作生涯、藝術特色及代表作品分析，掌握南方文藝復興時期特點，及代表作家福克納的創作特點、寫作風格及代表作品。

(5)20世紀30年代美國文學：了解20世紀30年代美國的歷史背景和社會思潮，掌握這一時期主要代表作家帕索斯、斯坦貝克、波特及主要劇作家奧尼爾、米勒、威廉斯等的創作思想、藝術特色及代表作品。

(6)戰后美國文學：了解戰后詩歌流派、小說特點及美國黑人文學，理解后現代主義、元小說、自白派詩人、紐約派詩人、垮掉的一代、荒謬派等重要文學流派和術語，掌握該時期重要作家海勒、馮內古特、厄普代克、貝婁、艾里森、莫里森、譚恩美等的創作思想、藝術特色及代表作品。

四、參考書目:

《美國文學簡史》 常耀信 南開大學出版社

《英國文學簡史》 劉炳善 上海外語教育出版社