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四書(sìshū)

《論語》《孟子》《大學》《中庸》等四部儒家經典的合稱。《大學》《中庸》原是《禮記》中的兩篇，在唐代以前，并沒有引起人們的特別重視。隨著唐宋以來儒學的復興，《大學》《中庸》經過唐代韓愈、李翱的表彰，宋代二程、朱熹的推崇，被賦予了新的意義，其地位逐漸提升，與《論語》《孟子》并列，合稱“四書”。朱熹所著《四書章句集注》確立了“四書”的經典地位。“四書”成為了宋明理學家創建、闡發自身思想的重要素材，對后世儒學的發展產生了深遠影響。

Four Books

This term refers collectively to the four Confucian classics: The Analects, Mencius, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean originally were two sections of The Book of Rites, but before the Tang Dynasty they did not attract much attention. Following the revival of Confucianism which began in the Tang and Song dynasties, through the advocacy of Han Yu and Li Ao of the Tang Dynasty, the Cheng brothers (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi) and Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty, The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean were given new meaning. Their standing was gradually elevated, and they were regarded just as important as The Analects and Mencius. The four were then collectively known as the Four Books. Commentaries on the Four Books, written by Zhu Xi, established the dominant position of the Four Books, which formed the foundation for the neo-Confucian scholars of the Song and Ming dynasties. The Four Books became the source from which the neo-Confucian scholars drew inspiration to further their learning, and thus exerted a profound influence on the development of Confucianism.

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【引例】

如《大學》《中庸》《語》《孟》四書，道理粲然。(《朱子語類》卷十四)

The principles in the Four Books, i.e., The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects, andMencius, are illuminating and easy to follow. (Classified Conversations of Master Zhu Xi)