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封建(fēngjiàn)

即封邦建國。古代帝王將爵位、土地和人口分封給親戚或功臣，讓他們在封地內(nèi)建國。各封國的規(guī)模小于王室的直轄領(lǐng)地，軍、政自成體系，封國之間相互制衡，拱衛(wèi)王室。作為一種政治制度，封建制相傳始于黃帝時期，至西周時期達于完備。秦至清，中央集權(quán)制或?qū)Ｖ频壑凭佑谥鲗?dǎo)地位，而封建制則成為一種輔助性制度。

Feudal System

Under this system, ancient monarchs granted titles of nobility, land, and people to their relatives and officials of merit, allowing them to establish dukedoms. Each territory was smaller than that under the direct control of the monarch, and had its own military and administrative systems. All dukedoms checked each other while protecting the monarch together. As a political scheme, the feudal system is believed to have started in the era of the legendary Yellow Emperor, and became established in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In more than 2000 years from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, centralized government or imperial autocracy was dominant, rendering the feudal system supplementary.

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【引例】

彼封建者，更古圣王堯、舜、禹、湯、文、武而莫能去之。(柳宗元《封建論》)

Feudal system survived the eras of all ancient sages, namely Yao, Shun, Yu the Great, Tang of Shang, King Wen of Zhou, and King Wu of Zhou. (Liu Zongyuan: On Feudal System)